Magnoliid clade: The magnolide clade contains several thousand species divided into 20 families, including several large families of economic importance such as Magnoliaceae, Lauraceae, Piperaceae, and Annonaceae. Members of the magnolide group are common in tropical and temperate areas of the world and may include large trees, shrubs, vines, lianas, and occasionally herbs. Economically important magnoliid products include edible fruits such as avocados and soursop, sour soup, cherimoya, and sweet soup. Magnolide types are also the source of spices such as black and white pepper, bay leaf, nutmeg, cinnamon, and camphor. Other elements are used as ornamental plants or wood.
Table of Contents
General Characteristics:
The Magnoliidae subclass is a variation of unique characteristics. Among the flower jewels is perigonium, some sudaha, all this has faded, two subclasses, there is still a feature of the nature of this antiquity, it can be seen in morphology or anatomy, and is not closely related to the more advanced group of differentiation between sepals with petals, some already reduced of interest to you and you are not interested in jewelry. Considered from the primitivity of this subclass, the majority is uniaperture, gynoeciumnya apocarpus and many centripetal bursts in the series.
Classification:
The Magnoliidae subclass has 8 orders, each of which is about 12,000 species. The eighth order is magnolial, laural, piperal, aristolochial. Illical, nymphal, ranunculal and papveral.
Features:
Magnoliides illustrate much of the diversity that characterizes dicotyle plants as a whole. In the group you can find evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs, as well as perennial herbs and some annual herbs. Trees, shrubs and vines are characteristic of magnolias, laurals and piperales. The latter also contains herbs. The cinnamon trees are mainly made up of shrubs and trees.
Most magnoliid have characteristics of a relatively archaic nature: in flowers, normally unused carpules are surrounded by many petals or without petals; numerous stamens, sometimes leaf-shaped, release pollen from two cells, often contain a single opening; seed plants are surrounded by two integuments; and mature seeds usually contain a small embryo and usually abundant endosperm.
Biochemically, magnoliides are characterized by the presence of benzyl isoquinoline or aporfine alkaloids, which are secondary metabolites with defensive function and are rare in other groups. Magnoliides rarely produce porridge substances, and betalain, iridoid compounds or mustard oils are not obvious. However, these different classes of preventive agents occur in some other groups.
Sales:
The magnolide group has members all over the world, particularly in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas. This applies to the Annonaceae, Myristicaceae and Magnoliaceae, three of the largest families in the Magnoliales order. Some species are found in Australia, New Guinea, and Fiji. Winteraceae is mainly found in the southwest Pacific, including New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Australia. Some species are found in Central and South America. The piperals and laurals occur almost exclusively in tropical and temperate areas of the world.
Discuss phylogenetic relationships:
Within the magnoliides, researchers have identified four evolutionary lineages and clarified their evolutionary relationships: Magnolials and laurals are sisters, and piperals and canellales are sisters. The transcription of these orders and their interrelations had not been proposed only on the basis of morphology.
- Laurales
- Magnoliales
- Canellales
- Piperales
Laurales:
Laurals, as currently described (APG II, 2003; see Renner, 1999), comprise seven families: Calycanthaceae, Monimiaceae, Gomortegaceae, Atherospermataceae, Lauraceae, Siparunaceae, and Hernandiaceae. In previous classifications, amborellaceae and trimeniaceae were occasionally placed in laurals; and in fact, both amborella and trimenia were even considered part of the Monimiaceae. Chlorantaceae were also occasionally placed in Laurales. Laurels are united by a periginal flower, in which the gynecaeum is often deeply embedded in a fleshy vessel. Other obvious synapomorphies without DNA include the presence of internal staminodia, ascending seminal sites, and tracheidal endotesta.
Magnoliales:
This group is based on molecular analysis and includes six families whose relationships are now clear. The same group also appeared in the non-molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000). The synapomorphies obvious to the group include reduced limits of fiber pits, stratified phloem, an adaxial plate of vascular tissue in the petiole, palisade parenchyma, asterosclereides in the foliar mesophile, continuous tecto in pollen, and multiplicative test in seed. In addition, all members of this group studied so far have a characteristic deletion in their Apetala gene3.
Canellales:
The relationship between canellaceae and winteraceae was strongly supported in all multigenic analyses, and the group was also preserved in the non-molecular analysis of Doyle and Endress (2000). However, these two families were generally not considered closely related, nor were they suspected of being related to any member of Piperales. For example, Winteraceae have often been considered a close relative of Magnoliaceae, with canellaceae near Myristicaceae. In addition, intuitive classification systems considered Winteraceae to be perhaps the most “primitive” preserved family of angiosperms.
The phylogenetic position of Winteraceae clearly indicates that xylem and vaseless plicate leaves found in family members are secondary derivatives. Possible synapomorphies for canellales include well-differentiated pollen tube transmitting tissue, an outer integument with only two to four cell layers, and seeds with an exotest in palisade. Additional synapomorphies may include irregular leaf venation of the first order, characteristics of stellar structure and ganglia, and vascularization of the seeds.
Piperales:
Previous transcripts of piperales varied, but molecular studies unequivocally united Aristolochiaceae, Lactoridaceae, Piperaceae, and Saururaceae. In addition, recent studies have placed Hydnoraceae, a family of parasitic plants that usually live in Rosidae, in piperales, although the exact position is not certain. Although it was not recognized as a group prior to molecular analysis, several morphological synapomorphies have been identified: dystic phylotaxis, a single prophylaxis, and oil cells.
